Relation of blood pressure values in thirteen-years old adolescents to the mode of vitamin D prophylaxis during their infancy.

OBJECTIVE: The broad spectrum of extraosseal functions of vitamin D has recently been investigated. Although majority of recent studies have documented its hypotensive effect, some older studies warrant the risk of development the juvenile hypertension namely after pulse-fortified D vitamin supplementation during infancy. The aim of this study was to compare of the blood pressure in 13 year old groups of adolescents to the mode of D vitamin supplementation during their infancy. METHODS: Study group represent 1138 thirteen year old adolescents in complex health care of 21 primary care pediatricians (PCPs). This group was divided into three subgroups according their mode of D vitamin supplementation in infancy. 100 children were given the continuous daily supplementation of AD vitamin 200-400 IU /day - " regular subgroup 0", 933 children were given by bolus doses of D vitamin forte 450 000 IU every three months during first year of life - "fortified subgroup 2", and 105 children given by bolus doses of D vitamin during winter, and continuous daily AD drops during summer - " mixed subgroup 1". D vitamin supplementation was done approximately 13 years before blood pressure study. RESULTS: The mean systolic blood pressure was 110 mmHg, and mean diastolic one was 70 mmHg in all subgroups, regardless the mode of vitamin D supplementation. There were no statistic differences among subgroups, between girls/ boys, blood pressure levels were in normal limit. Although calculated daily doses of D2 vitamin during infancy exceeded RDA (200-400 IU) four to ten time, no difference in morbidity was found, concerning various chronic diseases (allergy, cardiovascular, renal, etc.). These results are in full accordance to recent knowledge of higher requirement and safety limit during vitamin D application. CONCLUSION: The mode of D vitamin prophylaxis during infancy (pulse or daily application) has no influence to blood pressure level in early adolescence. No adverse effects have been found despite that the calculated daily dose was exceeded from three to ten times the recommended daily allowance.

[Monitoring the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in various groups]. / Monitoring prevalencie Streptococcus pneumoniae v rôznych kolektívoch.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to monitor the nasopharyngeal presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in different age groups (especially children) in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia. The purpose of this screening was to determine the prevalence of different serotypes and to follow up the presence of pneumococcus in these children after the vaccination with heptavalent protein-conjugate vaccine. A contribution of molecular biology techniques was the detection of S. pneumoniae DNA by PCR and also the typisation and comparison of pneumococcal strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. METHODS: S. pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal swabs was detected by cultivation on blood agar plates. Serotypisation was performed by standard Quellung reaction. The commercial diagnostic kit was used for PCR detection of S. pneumoniae DNA. Pulsed-field electrophoresis was performed by modified scheme according to literature. RESULTS: The incidence of pneumococcus is decreasing and less significant with the increasing age. Among youngest children is relatively high prevalence of pneumococci and the relatedness of isolated strains is high as well. After the vaccination, the less invasive serotypes were detected, although the overall incidence of S. pneumoniae was similar. CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring of S. pneumoniae in population is important according to variability of this bacteria with respect to possible changes in pneumococcal types as a consequence of vaccination.